9 novembre 2008 paru dans http://www.bobdylan.com/#/user/4240
Jews arrested after Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass") await deportation to Dachau concentration camp. Baden-Baden, Germany, November 10, 1938.
Kristallnacht -- literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938 throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. Instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilungen: literally Assault Detachments, but commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth, Kristallnacht owes its name to the shards of shattered glass that lined German streets in the wake of the pogrom-broken glass from the windows of synagogues, homes, and Jewish-owned businesses plundered and destroyed during the violence.
In its aftermath, German officials announced that Kristallnacht had erupted as a spontaneous outburst of public sentiment in response to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath, a German embassy official stationed in Paris. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. A few days earlier, German authorities had expelled thousands of Jews of Polish citizenship living in Germany from the Reich; Grynszpan had received news that his parents, residents in Germany since 1911, were among them.
Initially denied entry into their native Poland, Grynszpan's parents and the other expelled Polish Jews found themselves stranded in a refugee camp near the town of Zbaszyn in the border region between Poland and Germany. Already living illegally in Paris himself, a desperate Grynszpan apparently sought revenge for his family's precarious circumstances by appearing at the German embassy and shooting the diplomatic official assigned to assist him.
Vom Rath died on November 9, 1938, two days after the shooting. The day happened to coincide with the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an important date in the National Socialist calendar. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the pogrom, intimated to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination and announced that, "the Führer has decided that … demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered."
Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the pogrom. After his speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 9-10. At 1:20 a.m. on November 10, Reinhard Heydrich, in his capacity as head of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei) sent an urgent telegram to headquarters and stations of the State Police and to SA leaders in their various districts, which contained directives regarding the riots. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses; members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.'
Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men.
The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Many synagogues burned throughout the night, in full view of the public and of local firefighters, who had received orders to intervene only to prevent flames from spreading to nearby buildings. SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial establishments, and looted their wares. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions.
The pogrom proved especially destructive in Berlin and Vienna, home to the two largest Jewish communities in the German Reich. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. Although murder did not figure in the central directives, Kristallnacht claimed the lives of at least 91 Jews between 9 and 10 November. Police records of the period document a high number of rapes and of suicides in the aftermath of the violence.
As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), following Heydrich's instructions, arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. Significantly, Kristallnacht marks the first instance in which the Nazi regime incarcerated Jews on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity. Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured; most obtained release over the next three months on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come.
In the immediate aftermath of the pogrom, many German leaders, like Hermann Göring, criticized the extensive material losses produced by the antisemitic riots, pointing out that if nothing were done to intervene, German insurance companies-not Jewish-owned businesses-would have to carry the costs of the damages. Nevertheless, Göring and other top Party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that “the Jews” themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a punitive fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million U.S. dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs.
In the weeks that followed, the German government promulgated dozens of laws and decrees designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. Many of these laws enforced “Aryanization” policy-the transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to “Aryan” ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector, and made further strides in removing Jews from public life. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile; legislation fixed restrictions on access to public transport. Jews could no longer gain admittance to “German” theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls.
The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. Historians have noted that after the pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the SS. Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. The Nazi regime expanded and radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social life in the forthcoming years, moving eventually towards policies of forced emigration, and finally towards the realization of a Germany “free of Jews” (judenrein) by deportation of the Jewish population “to the East.”
Thus, Kristallnacht figures as an essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt to annihilate the European Jews.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005201
A Hard Rain's A Gonna Fall (1964)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReIEDHMu0Zw
A HARD RAIN'S A-GONNA FALL (1963)
ALBUM : "THE FREEWHEELIN' BOB DYLAN". - 1963
Une chanson de son album le plus engagé, le plus "Protest-songs". Vision d'apocalypse en une série d'images grotesques sur fond de guerre. La réponse du "fils aux yeux bleus" est devenue une réponse à la guerre nucléaire, la "pluie dure" symbolise les tapis de bombes ou les retombées radioactives. Les vers dépeignent les ruines de la guerre. Bien que le titre soit de l'argot moderne, la diction fait penser à Lorca et à Rimbaud. C'est "Hard rain" qui donna au poète canadien Léonard Cohen l'idée d'écrire des chansons. Une date dans l'écriture de la chanson d'actualité fondée sur le folklore. Ici éclot la fusion entre la poésie, le folk, le rock, et la chanson"engagée".
A Hard Rain's A Gonna Fall
I
Oh, where have you been, my blue-eyed son?
Oh, where have you been, my darling young one?
I've stumbled on the side of twelve misty mountains,
I've walked and I've crawled on six crooked highways,
I've stepped in the middle of seven sad forests,
I've been out in front of a dozen dead oceans,
I've been ten thousand miles in the mouth of a graveyard,
And it's a hard, and it's a hard, it's a hard, and it's a hard,
And it's a hard rain's a-gonna fall. Où as-tu été, mon fils aux yeux bleus?
I
Où as-tu été, mon cher petit?
J'ai trébuché sur le bord de douze montagnes brumeuses,
J'ai marché et rampé sur six chemins tordus,
J'ai pénétré au cœur de sept forêts tristes,
J'ai été à la rencontre d'une douzaine d'océans morts,
J'ai marché dix mille miles dans la bouche d'un cimetière,
Et c'est une dure, et c'est une dure, c'est une dure, c'est une dure,
Et c'est une pluie dure qui va tomber.
II
Oh, what did you see, my blue-eyed son?
Oh, what did you see, my darling young one?
I saw a newborn baby with wild wolves all around it
I saw a highway of diamonds with nobody on it,
I saw a black branch with blood that kept drippin',
I saw a room full of men with their hammers a-bleedin',
I saw a white ladder all covered with water,
I saw ten thousand talkers whose tongues were all broken,
I saw guns and sharp swords in the hands of young children,
And it's a hard, and it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard,
And it's a hard rain's a-gonna fall.
II
Qu'as-tu vu, mon fils au yeux bleus?
Qu'as-tu vu, mon cher petit?
J'ai vu un nouveau né entouré de loups du désert,
J'ai vu un chemin de diamants avec personne dessus,
J'ai vu une branche noire dégoulinante de sang,
J'ai vu une pièce pleine d'hommes avec leurs marteaux qui saignaient,
J'ai vu une échelle blanche toute couverte d'eau,
J'ai vus dix mille bavards dont la langue était cassée,
J'ai vu des fusils et des épées effilées dans les mains de jeunes enfants,
Et c'est une dure, et c'est une dure, c'est une dure, c'est une dure,
Et c'est une pluie dure qui va tomber.
III
And what did you hear, my blue-eyed son?
And what did you hear, my darling young one?
I heard the sound of a thunder, it roared out a warnin',
Heard the roar of a wave that could drown the whole world,
Heard one hundred drummers whose hands were a-blazin',
Heard ten thousand whisperin' and nobody listenin',
Heard one person starve, I heard many people laughin',
Heard the song of a poet who died in the gutter,
Heard the sound of a clown who cried in the alley,
And it's a hard, and it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard,
And it's a hard rain's a-gonna fall.
III
Qu'as-tu entendu, mon fils aux yeux bleus?
Qu'as-tu entendu, mon cher petit?
J'ai entendu le son du tonnerre, rugir un avertissement,
Entendu le hurlement d'une vague qui pourrait noyer le monde entier,
Entendu cent batteurs dont les mains étaient en flamme,
Entendu dix mille chuchotements que personne n'écoutait,
Entendu une personne affamée, et entendu beaucoup de gens rire,
Entendu la chanson d'un poète qui mourait dans le caniveau,
Entendu le cri d'un clown qui pleurait dans la rue,
Et c'est une dure, et c'est une dure, c'est une dure, c'est une dure,
Et c'est une pluie dure qui va tomber.
IV
Oh, who did you meet, my blue-eyed son?
Who did you meet, my darling young one?
I met a young child beside a dead pony,
I met a white man who walked a black dog,
I met a young woman whose body was burning,
I met a young girl, she gave me a rainbow,
I met one man who was wounded in love,
I met another man who was wounded with hatred,
And it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard,
It's a hard rain's a-gonna fall.
IV
Qui as-tu rencontré, mon fils aux yeux bleus
Qui as-tu rencontré, mon cher petit?
J'ai rencontré un jeune enfant aux côtés d'un poney mort,
J'ai rencontré un homme blanc qui promenait un chien noir,
J'ai rencontré une femme dont le corps brûlait,
J'ai rencontré une jeune fille qui m'a donné un arc-en-ciel,
J'ai rencontré un homme qui était blessé par l'amour,
J'ai rencontré un autre homme qui était blessé par la haine,
Et c'est une dure, c'est une dure, c'est une dure, c'est une dure,
C'est une pluie dure qui va tomber.
V
Oh, what'll you do now, my blue-eyed son?
Oh, what'll you do now, my darling young one?
I'm a-goin' back out 'fore the rain starts a-fallin',
I'll walk to the depths of the deepest black forest,
Where the people are many and their hands are all empty,
Where the pellets of poison are flooding their waters,
Where the home in the valley meets the damp dirty prison,
Where the executioner's face is always well hidden,
Where hunger is ugly, where souls are forgotten,
Where black is the color, where none is the number,
And I'll tell it and think it and speak it and breathe it,
And reflect it from the mountain so all souls can see it,
Then I'll stand on the ocean until I start sinkin',
But I'll know my song well before I start singin',
And it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard,
It's a hard rain's a-gonna fall.
V
Que vas-tu faire, mon fils aux yeux bleus?
Que vas-tu faire, mon cher petit?
Je vais sortir avant que la pluie ne commence à tomber,
Je vais marcher au plus épais de la plus noire et épaisse forêt,
Où les gens sont nombreux et ont les mains vides,
Où les boulettes de poison ont envahi leurs eaux,
Où la maison dans la vallée ressemble à la prison sale et humide,
Où le visage du bourreau est toujours bien caché,
Où le désir est laid, où les âmes sont oubliées,
Où noire est la couleur, où zéro est le nombre,
Et je le dirai et je le penserai et je le raconterai et je le soufflerai,
Et je le projetterai de la montagne pour que chacun puisse le voir,
Et puis, je resterai sur l'océan jusqu'à ce que je commence à sombrer,
Mais je connaîtrai bien ma chanson avant de commencer à chanter.
Et c'est une dure, c'est une dure, c'est une dure, c'est une dure,
C'est une pluie dure qui va tomber.
Notes & traduction de P.Mercy
bobdylan-fr.com
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